Risk Factors, Pathogenesis, Prevention and Clinical Features of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device (CIED) Infections

Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) are essential therapeutic tools for managing various cardiac conditions but are also associated with the risk of infections, leading to significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Risk factors include patient comorbidities, procedural aspects, and device characteristics. Prompt intervention and early recognition of CIED infections, including pocket and systemic infections, are essential for preventing complications. Advanced imaging modalities aid in accurate diagnosis, while a multidisciplinary approach involving infectious disease specialists and cardiologists guide treatment strategies. This article emphasizes risk factors, pathogenesis, and the development of preventive measures to address the growing challenge of CIED-related infections and improve patient outcomes.