Autonomous ground vehicles: technological advancements, implementation challenges, and future directions

Autonomous ground vehicles (AGVs) are revolutionizing transportation with their self-operating capabilities. This review delves into the key technologies powering AGVs, such as perception systems, control mechanisms, and AI integration. It outlines the benefits AGVs offer to transportation, logistics, agriculture, and defense. The paper examines implementation challenges, especially in complex settings like Indian roads. AGVs utilize advanced sensors and algorithms for environmental perception, decision-making, and safe navigation. Machine learning is pivotal in enhancing their performance over time. Despite their potential to improve efficiency and safety, AGVs encounter obstacles including regulatory issues, public acceptance, and technical constraints. The review concludes by exploring the future potential of AGVs and their prospective societal impact. With technological progress, AGVs are set to transform mobility, potentially reshaping urban planning, reducing accidents, and boosting productivity across various industries.