The Growth of Ice Crystals Formed from Frozen Solution Droplets: Laboratory Measurements and Power-Law Parameterization

All cloud and climate models assume ice crystals grow as if they were formed from pure water, even though cloud and haze droplets are solutions. The freezing process of a solution droplet is different than that of a pure water droplet, as shown in prior work. This difference can potentially affect the particle's subsequent growth as an ice crystal. We present measurements of ice crystal growth from frozen sodium chloride (NaCl) solution droplets in the button electrode levitation diffusion chamber at temperatures between-61 degrees and-40 degrees C. Measured scattering patterns show that concentrated solution droplets remain unfrozen with classical scattering fringes until the droplets freeze. Upon freezing, the scattering patterns become complex within 0.1 s, which is in contrast with frozen pure water particles that retain liquid-like scattering patterns for about a minute. We show that after freezing, solution particles initially grow as spherical-like crystals and then transition to faster growth indicative of a morphological transformation. The measurements indicate that ice formed from solution droplets grows differently and has higher growth rates than ice formed from pure water droplets. We use these results to develop a power-law-based parameterization that captures the supersaturation and mass dependencies.