Decentralization of renewable energy sources based optimum scheduling and management through a virtual power plant

In this paper, renewable resources and co-generation units are grouped together to perform optimized operational scheduling in a virtual power plant ( VPP ) system. Renewable sources consist of solar photovoltaic, wind, and fuel cell units that are equipped together with a cogenerating unit to intensify the system's dependency in case of power shortage from renewable sources. The uncertainty aspect is investigated for the developed system as renewables are associated, and its impact on network operation is discussed. Storage provision is facilitated in the form of fl exible and spinning reserves in which electric vehicle ( EV ) and energy storage systems ( ESS ) increase the system reliability by ensuring continuity of power supply. Optimal scheduling is carried out from both economic and environmental perspectives in which the net profit of the system is improved and the generated emissions are reduced by considering dual scheduling i.e., day-ahead ( DA ) and proposed 15 min interval. Moreover, a nature-inspired metaheuristic red fox optimization ( RFO ) is employed to handle the VPP problem and the results with the context to net profit and emission are also compared with work available in the literature. Finally, the proposed approach is promising in terms of higher computational efficacy and reveals the suitability of the VPP system.