Design for Recycling: A Systematic Review of Approaches for Enhancing Product Recyclability

The growing accumulation of solid waste from consumerism and the traditional linear economy poses significant risks to environmental sustainability and human health, increasing pressure on manufacturers to design more recyclable products. Design for Recycling (DfR), a key subset of Design for X (DfX), offers a promising strategy to enhance product recyclability. However, its implementation is hindered by ambiguous definitions, insufficient data, and a lack of robust methodologies and tools. This review clarifies the concept of DfR in engineering, identifies three critical research gaps, and proposes future research directions based on 89 papers: (1) the development of a comprehensive DfR knowledge base, (2) the creation of standardized recyclability evaluation indicators, and (3) the establishment of an automated, data-driven design generation system. These advancements aim to support the automated creation of highly recyclable products by leveraging accurate data, precise evaluations and minimized human bias. This review not only highlights existing research gaps but also provides valuable insights to guide future DfR studies and the development of more effective tools and methods. Furthermore, it emphasizes that the successful implementation of DfR requires active participation and commitment from the entire industrial chain and society.