NF-κB in Thyroid Cancer: An Update

The dysregulated NF-kappa B basal activity is a common feature of human thyroid carcinomas, especially in poorly differentiated or undifferentiated forms that, even if rare, are often resistant to standard therapies, and, therefore, are uncurable. Despite the molecular mechanisms leading to NF-kappa B activation in thyroid cancer being only partially understood, during the last few years, it has become clear that NF-kappa B contributes in different ways to the oncogenic potential of thyroid neoplastic cells. Indeed, it enhances their proliferation and viability, promotes their migration to and colonization of distant organs, and fuels their microenvironment. In addition, NF-kappa B signaling plays an important role in cancer stem cells from more aggressive thyroid carcinomas. Interfering with the different upstream and/or downstream pathways that drive NF-kappa B activity in thyroid neoplastic cells is an attractive strategy for the development of novel therapeutic drugs capable of overcoming the therapy resistance of advanced thyroid carcinomas. This review focuses on the recent findings about the key functions of NF-kappa B in thyroid cancer and discusses the potential implications of targeting NF-kappa B in advanced thyroid carcinomas.