Structure Regulation and Energy Storage Mechanisms of Bismuth-Based Anodes for Sodium Ion Batteries

The increasing demand for eco-friendly energy storage solutions has driven significant interest in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries, primarily due to sodium's abundant availability. Among various anode materials, bismuth (Bi) has emerged as a promising candidate due to its high theoretical volumetric capacity and excellent electrical conductivity. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of structural characteristics and failure mechanisms inherent to Bi-based anode materials for SIBs, providing valuable insights into the significance of material modification methods. Structure regulation strategies for Bi-based SIB anodes are reviewed, focusing on the challenges associated with volumetric expansion and strategies to enhance their electrochemical performance. Typically, nanostructure optimization, surface engineering, morphology modification, and composition regulation are highlighted. Furthermore, this review will discuss the underlying mechanisms that improve sodium storage capabilities and the role of bismuth in advancing the efficiency and stability of SIBs. Lastly, the prospects and imminent challenges associated with bismuth-based materials will be presented, providing insights for future research and development in energy storage technologies.