Judicial review as a quasi-administrative jurisdiction

This article challenges the idea that judicial review is purely judicial and adversarial in nature. Instead, I argue that recent doctrinal and remedial changes to judicial review suggest that courts hold a quasi-administrative jurisdiction. By a quasi-administrative jurisdiction, I mean one that prospectively, and retrospectively, aids and advises on the execution of public administration. For example, the Federal Court in Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v Mason suggested that federal tribunals should start using the advisory reference procedure found in section 18.3(1) of the 1985 Federal Courts Act to resolve 'dueling administrative interpretations' of their home statutes. Canadian courts have also started to remit cases back to administrative decision makers with specific instructions explaining how they are to proceed upon redetermination, thereby structuring and advising on the proper exercise of discretion. The existence of these quasi-administrative remedies requires us to rethink Lon Fuller's contention that the form of adjudication is inherently bilateral, adversarial, and retrospective. Fuller's contention was based on the claim that arguments in court are ordinarily presented in the form of claims of right in the disputant's favour. However, I argue that, in public law adjudication, arguments are presented in the form of claims of legitimate authority in the public interest. This establishes judicial review on what I term a multilateral, collaborative, and prospective form of adjudication. This form suggests that the court is in fact suited to exercising quasi-administrative functions.