False dichotomies of war during the Chilean social outbreak

On October 18, 2019, Chile experienced one of the most significant events in its history, marking a turning point in its social and political stability: a violent popular uprising that shook Santiago and quickly spread throughout the country. This article analyzes the vi-olent events that occurred during and since then to establish whether or not the country was at war, as claimed by former President Sebasti & aacute;n Pi & ntilde;era and General Javier Iturriaga. It thus hypothesizes that, due to their characteristics, such violence and destabilization constitute a hybrid conflict or war, assesses the plausibility of such a hypothesis, and examines its impli-cations for national security