Wearable Electrochemical Sensors for Real-Time Biomarkers Detection

An innovative technology that has the potential to revolutionize real-time health monitoring is wearable electrochemical sensors. These tools overcome the drawbacks of conventional techniques like blood draws and biopsies by providing non-invasive, continuous tracking of a broad range of indicators using accessible bio fluids like sweat, saliva, tears, and interstitial fluid. This review analyzes the basic concepts of wearable electrochemical sensors, with a focus on new developments in materials science, manufacturing methods, and microfluidic integration that improve sensor performance, selectivity, and sensitivity. Important uses are emphasized, such as monitoring for occupational and environmental exposure, sports medicine, physiological stress evaluation, and chronic illness management (e.g., diabetes and cardiovascular disorders). We also go through ongoing challenges with sensor specificity, accuracy, long-term stability, and data integration with healthcare systems. Lastly, future directions are delineated, with particular attention to the integration of AI, the creation of multifunctional sensors, the advancement of biocompatible materials, enhanced power solutions, standardization, and the investigation of novel bio fluids and biomarkers. This thorough analysis emphasizes how important wearable electrochemical sensors are to the advancement of proactive health management and personalized therapy.