Monitoring Heavy Metals and Spatial Analysis Using Pollution Indices and Cartographic Visualization: A Case Study in Kosovo

Environmental challenges in Kosovo are intensified by extensive anthropogenic activities, leading to significant pollution and degradation of natural resources. This study examines inadequate waste management practices, a major contributor to environmental harm, by analyzing heavy metal concentrations - Cu, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, Mn, and Fe - in the water and sediment of Lake Henci and the surrounding soils. We used Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES) for precise metal determination. To quantify pollution levels, we calculated indices such as the Heavy Metal Index (HMI) and the Contamination Factor (CF). This approach allows for a comprehensive evaluation of metal contamination in the region. The findings are illustrated through thematic maps, developed using interpolation techniques within a Geographic Information System (GIS) at a spatial resolution of 10 meters. Furthermore, spatial analyses were conducted to deepen our understanding of contamination patterns and inform regulatory frameworks. The results show slight pollution in the water samples, with some metal concentrations (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Ni) exceeding EPA and WHO guidelines. In contrast, sediment and soil samples showed heavy metal levels within normal ranges. These findings underscore the necessity for ongoing monitoring and the implementation of comprehensive oversight and regulatory measures to address the environmental challenges in this area.