Resonant photoionization and time delay

Resonances leave prominent signatures in atomic and molecular ionization triggered by the absorption of single or multiple photons. These signatures reveal various aspects of the ionization process, characterizing both the initial and final states of the target. Resonant spectral features are typically associated with sharp variations in the photoionization phase, providing an opportunity for laser-assisted interferometric techniques to measure this phase and to convert it into a photoemission time delay. This time delay offers a precise characterization of the timing of the photoemission process. In this review, a unified approach to resonant photoionization is presented by examining the analytic properties of ionization amplitude in the complex photoelectron energy plane. This approach establishes a connection between the resonant photoemission time delay and the corresponding photoionization cross-section. Numerical illustrations of this method include: (i) giant or shape resonances, where the photoelectron is spatially confined within a potential barrier, (ii) Fano resonances, where bound states are embedded in the continuum, (iii) Cooper minima (anti-resonances) arising from kinematic nodes in the dipole transition matrix elements, and (iv) confinement resonances in atoms encapsulated within a fullerene cage. See figure 1 for graphical illustration. The second part of this review focuses on two-photon resonant ionization processes, where the photon energies can be tuned to a resonance in either the intermediate or final state of the atomic target. Our examples include one- or two-electron discrete excitations both below and above the ionization threshold. These resonant states are probed using laser-assisted interferometric techniques. Additionally, we employ laser-assisted photoemission to determine the lifetimes of several atomic autoionizing states.