Nutrition Profile and Quality of Life of Adult Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis in India: An Exploratory Study

Background: Malnutrition and suboptimal food intake are common concerns among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Medical nutrition therapy plays a significant role in ensuring the well-being of CKD patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). The present study explored the dietary intake and quality of life (QOL) of CKD patients on MHD. Materials and Methods: Adult CKD patients (n = 107, > 20 years, 72% male) on MHD were conveniently selected from dialysis centers across India. This cross-sectional exploratory study elicited information on general profile, height, dry body weight, biochemical parameters, food intake, and QOL of the patients. Nutrient intake was compared with Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) Guidelines. Results: The average energy and protein intake per kg body weight was below the recommendations (energy similar to 21 kcal/kg vs. 30-35 kcal/kg body weight and protein similar to 0.7g/kg vs. 1-1.2 g/kg body weight). Majority of them (>75%) had inadequate energy and protein intake. The sodium intake of the participants (3109.42 +/- 1012.31 mg) was higher than the suggested limit. The energy and protein intake/kg ideal body weight of female patients was significantly higher than male patients (p < 0.05). Overall, their QOL was satisfactory. However, nearly half of them (47%) reported moderate-level problem in the pain and discomfort dimension. Conclusion: Patients were not meeting the recommendations especially for energy and protein. Patient-specific customized nutrition counseling along with routine nutrition assessment, follow-up of patients and continued nutrition education, and motivation and support from the medical care team, especially the dietitian is needed for better dietary compliance and overall improvement of QOL.