Effectiveness of Spiritual and Religious Interventions in Patients With Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to combine the physiological, psychological, and spiritual health effects of spiritual and religious interventions on cardiovascular disease patients. Method: Studies from January 1999 to December 2022 were sourced from ScienceDirect, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL, and cumulative index to nursing and allied health literature databases. This meta-analysis adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. Data were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 4. Heterogeneity was assessed using 95% confidence intervals (CIs), p values, and fixed or random-effects models. Results: This systematic review included 15 studies with 2,047 participants, while the meta-analysis focused on 12 studies. Spiritual and religion-based interventions notably reduced participants' heart rate (g = -0.287, 95% CI = [-0.552, -0.021]), anxiety (g = -1.081, 95% CI [-1.364, -0.831]), and depression (g = -1.346, 95% CI [-1.965, -0.726]). Moreover, these interventions significantly enhanced spiritual well-being (g = 0.692, 95% CI [0.459, 0.926]) and hope levels (g = 1.152, 95% CI [0.347, 1.956]) compared to control groups. Conclusion: This meta-analysis flashes on utilizing spiritual and religion-based interventions for nurses, chaplains, psychologists, social workers, and other professionals who might lead patient care to enhance health outcomes for cardiac patients. Objetivo: Esta revisi & oacute;n sistem & aacute;tica y metaan & aacute;lisis tuvo como objetivo combinar los efectos fisiol & oacute;gicos, psicol & oacute;gicos y espirituales de las intervenciones espirituales y religiosas en pacientes con enfermedades cardiovasculares. M & eacute;todos: Los estudios desde enero de 1999 hasta diciembre de 2022 se obtuvieron de las bases de datos ScienceDirect, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL y CINAHL. Este metaan & aacute;lisis se adhiri & oacute; a las pautas de elementos de informe preferidos para revisiones sistem & aacute;ticas y metaan & aacute;lisis. Los datos se analizaron mediante el metaan & aacute;lisis comprehensivo (Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, CMA) versi & oacute;n 4. La heterogeneidad se evalu & oacute; mediante intervalos de confianza del 95%, valores de p y modelos de efectos fijos o aleatorios. Resultados: Esta revisi & oacute;n sistem & aacute;tica incluy & oacute; quince estudios con 2,047 participantes, mientras que el metaan & aacute;lisis se centr & oacute; en doce estudios. Las intervenciones espirituales y religiosas redujeron notablemente la frecuencia card & iacute;aca de los participantes (g = -0.287; IC del 95% = [-0.552, -0.021]), la ansiedad (g = -1.081; IC del 95%: [-1.364, -0.831]) y depresi & oacute;n (g = -1.346; IC del 95%: [-1.965, -0.726]). Adem & aacute;s, estas intervenciones mejoraron significativamente el bienestar espiritual (g = 0.692; IC del 95%: [0.459, 0.926]) y los niveles de esperanza (g = 1.152; IC del 95%: [0.347, 1.956]) en comparaci & oacute;n con los grupos de control. Conclusi & oacute;n: Este metaan & aacute;lisis aclara la integraci & oacute;n de las intervenciones espirituales y religiosas como componentes integrales de la atenci & oacute;n hol & iacute;stica dirigida por enfermer & iacute;a, destinada a mejorar los resultados de salud de los pacientes card & iacute;acos. Matr & iacute;cula: PROSPERO CRD42022376090.