Life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis of nanotechnology-based wastewater treatment: Status, challenges and future prospectives

Background: Water pollution is a pressing concern stemming from both natural and anthropogenic activities. The challenges associated with water treatment technologies are adsorption (fouling and corrosion of the adsorbent), flocculation (increased sludge generation and high operation cost), ion exchange (high cost and improper ion removal), chemical precipitation (sludge generation), and membrane technologies (membrane fouling and storage). These technologies have been overstretched and struggle to meet increasingly stringent water quality standards. More recent progress has been made in using nanotechnology for wastewater treatment. Nanotechnology offers several advantages over traditional technologies. Many nano-based technologies support reuse, require less space, produce fewer toxic intermediates, and are adaptable to support the emerging concept of decentralized water treatment. An essential aspect of this review is a detailed techno-economic analysis, assessing the long-term viability of nanotechnology-based wastewater treatment methods from an economic standpoint. Methods: This review outlines the current state of nanotechnology in wastewater treatment, addressing environmental and economic aspects, challenges, and future potential. Significant findings: Understanding the sustainability and feasibility of these innovative technologies is crucial for their successful integration into wastewater treatment practices, ensuring a more effective and environmentally friendly approach to water remediation.