Motion and thermal stability for high-temperature superconducting maglev vehicle under extreme crosswind conditions

High-temperature superconductor (HTS) pinning magnetic levitation (maglev) systems show significant potential for high-speed rail transportation applications, attributed to their passive and stable levitation arising from the coupling between HTS bulks and the permanent magnetic guideway (PMG). However, there is a lack of research on the operational safety of HTS maglev trains under extreme crosswind conditions as one significant safety issue of the HTS maglev transport tool. Therefore, this paper employs an experimentally validated two-dimensional electromagnetic-thermal-mechanical model to study the temperature rise variations in HTS bulks under different extreme wind scales, The maximum temperature rise inside the bulk submerged in liquid nitrogen remains below 1 K. It also preliminarily explores the wind scales that cause motion instability in HTS maglev trains. The results indicate that extreme crosswind conditions have minimal effect on the temperature rise of HTS bulks. However, under wind scale 12 conditions, HTS maglev trains face a risk of derailment. These findings offer valuable thermal-motion stability insight for informing the future design and practical implementation of HTS pinning maglev systems.