Serum proteomics reveals early biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease: The dual role of APOE-ε4

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, significantly impacts global public health, with cases expected to exceed 150 million by 2050. Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), predominantly influenced by the APOE-64 allele, exhibits complex pathogenesis involving amyloid-beta (A beta) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), neuroinflammation, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Proteomics has emerged as a pivotal technology in uncovering molecular mechanisms and identifying biomarkers for early diagnosis and intervention in AD. This paper reviews the genetic and molecular roles of APOE-64 in the pathology of AD, including its effects on A beta aggregation, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, and BBB integrity. Additionally, it highlights recent advances in serum proteomics, revealing APOE-64-dependent and independent protein signatures with potential as early biomarkers for AD. Despite technological progress, challenges such as population diversity, standardization, and distinguishing AD-specific biomarkers remain. Directions for future research emphasize multicenter longitudinal studies, multi-omics integration, and the clinical translation of proteomic findings to enable early detection of AD and personalized treatment strategies. Proteomics advances in AD research hold the promise of improving patient outcomes and reducing the global disease burden.