Effects of insomnia treatments on cognitive function: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background: Globally, insomnia has been shown to impact cognitive function, which has prompted the exploration of effective treatments to enhance cognitive outcomes. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions vary in their effects, indicating that further research for optimized therapeutic strategies is needed. Methods: Searches of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and PsychInfo from database inception until August 2024 were conducted to identify relevant randomized controlled studies investigating the impacts of insomnia treatments on cognitive function. The standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for all studies. Sensitivity analysis, publication bias, and meta-regression were performed. Results: A total of 14,829 records were retrieved, with 24 randomized controlled studies assessing the impact of insomnia treatment on cognition. Pooled analysis indicated that non-pharmacological interventions significantly enhanced cognitive function (SMD: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.04-0.49, p = 0.019), with notable improvements observed in memory (SMD: 1.18, 95% CI: 0.25-2.12, p = 0.013), attention (SMD: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.15-0.50, p < 0.001), and daily living activities (SMD: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.20-0.39, p <0.001) based on self-reported measures. Longer followup periods were associated with more pronounced cognitive benefits (SMD: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.14-0.54, p = 0.001). Conclusions: The critical role of insomnia treatments, particularly non-pharmacological interventions, in improving cognitive function is highlighted, emphasizing the importance of tailored therapeutic approaches to optimize cognitive outcomes and overall well-being.