Miniaturization and low energy consumption approach to magnetic particle imaging

As an emerging application of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is considered a promising and competitive medical imaging technology. However, MPI is still in its infancy and most proposed devices require large amounts of power and occupy a significant physical footprint, hence miniaturization and energy reduction have been one of the research emphases and a crucial driving force for clinical translation. This review focuses on the novel technologies and design philosophies that lead to simplification, integration, reduced costs, and improved energy efficiency in MPI systems, including internal optimization strategies based on advanced electromagnetic modules development, integration optimization strategies orienting multifunctional and multimodal diagnostic and therapeutic equipment, and systematic optimization strategies that incorporate interdisciplinary approaches such as superconductivity and nanotechnology. Among those, internal design is the foundation, for instance, refining magnetic field designs, integrating various functional modules, and introducing advanced electromagnetic materials. From the perspective of reducing the overall size and energy consumption of medical equipment, MPI can be integrated with other diagnostic and therapeutic technologies, which not only fosters advanced methods but also saves on development and operational costs. Furthermore, the interdisciplinary approaches provide more effective solutions, that high-performed magnetic tracers and signal processing algorithms contribute to a lowered dependence on large-scale functional modules and strong-electromagnetic fields. This review offers a systematic and specialized discussion on the miniaturization and low energy consumption approaches, as well as a fresh perspective on the development status of MPI.