Populist Rhetoric and Political Polarization: Insights from Venezuela

While much of the literature on populism has focused on the role of the populist leader in creating political polarization, this work asks what role context, particularly anti-populism, plays in exacerbating the often vitriolic nature of populist rhetoric. This work explores this question by examining the speeches of Hugo Chavez, President of Venezuela, from 1998 to 2012. It argues that Chavez's populist rhetoric, initially conciliatory, developed its radical, polarizing features over time in response to the interplay between contextual circumstances (particularly opposition actions and rhetoric) and social welfare goals. The Venezuelan case offers insight into how anti-populism can contribute to populism's polarizing process and challenges more commonly accepted notions of the primacy of the populist leader in bringing about political polarization. While critiques of populism have often focused on the threat to political rights posed by populism, this analysis suggests that anti-populism's neglect of social rights and disparagement of popular identity claims may play a role in exacerbating the deep divide between populists and anti-populists.