Effect of Heat Stress on the Expression of Circulating Cyto(chemo)kine and Inflammatory Markers in Broiler Chickens Selected for High- or Low-water Efficiency

Background: Water scarcity is a current, significant global concern that will only increase under the pressure of climate change. Improving water efficiency of poultry is a new and promising area to help temper agriculture's future impact on fresh water availability. Here, we explored the effects of acute heat stress (HS) on circulating stress and inflammatory markers in 2 lines of broilers divergently selected for water efficiency.Methods: Male chicks from low (LWE) and high water efficient (HWE) lines were raised in 12 environmental chambers (2 pens/chamber, 6 chambers/line, 20 birds/pen) under normal conditions until day 28. On day 29, birds were subjected to thermoneutral (TN, 25 degrees C) or HS (36 degrees C) conditions, resulting in four treatments (2 lines x 2 environmental conditions). After 3 h of HS, whole blood was collected (8 birds per line x environment) and analyzed for target gene expression and plasma cytokine levels. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA, with line, environment, and their interaction as main factors, and means were compared using Tukey's multiple range test.Results: Gene expression of heat shock protein (HSP) 27, HSP70, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-18, c-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha), C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4), CCL20, nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), NLR family CARD domain containing 5 (NLRC5), and NLR family member X1 (NLRX1) were increased by HS, with no differences between the lines. HSP70, IL-10, and NLRC3 were lower in the HWE as compared to the LWE lines. Additionally, there were interactive effects between line and environment for HSP90, IL-4, and CCL4, where HS induced HSP90 expression in the LWE only, and IL-4 and CCL4 in HWE only. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) gene expression was significantly lower in the whole blood of the HWE line; however, plasma protein levels were not different.Conclusions: Overall, most of the effects seen on cyto (chemokines) and inflammatory markers were due to acute HS, with only a few genes differentially regulated between the lines. This likely indicates that the divergent selection for water efficiency for four generations did not elicit changes in inflammation and stress molecular signatures.