Recurrent symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage in high-grade astrocytoma with piloid features: illustrative case

BACKGROUND High-grade astrocytoma with piloid features (HGAP) is a novel condition introduced in the 2021 World Health Organization classification. Given that it has been recently classified, reports clarifying its clinical features or diagnostic criteria are lacking, especially in cases of atypical presentation. Herein, the authors present a rare case of HGAP with repeated symptomatic hemorrhages. OBSERVATIONS A woman in her 20s presented with an acute headache and vertigo. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 2.5 x 2.8 x 2.3-cm hemorrhagic cerebellar mass with calcifications. After moderate improvement of her symptoms, she developed recurrent hemorrhage, and the tumor size increased (3.0 x 3.6 x 4.0 cm) 18 days later, necessitating resection. Pathological and molecular analyses confirmed the diagnosis of HGAP with an FGFR1-TACC1 fusion, MTAP/CDKN2A/B deletion, and SETD2 rearrangement. Radiologically, the presence of calcification and cystic components and the absence of perilesional edema were atypical features of previously reported HGAP. LESSONS Although recurrent symptomatic intracranial hemorrhages are rare in HGAP, enhancing lesions on magnetic resonance imaging suggest the need for resection to obtain tissue for molecular diagnosis and guide adjuvant treatment strategies.