Bridging gaps between lab- and fab-oriented anode design for proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers

Rationally designing anode electrocatalysts is crucial for advancing next-generation proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs). However, the most developed oxygen evolution catalysts in labs often cannot be directly applied to commercial PEMWEs due to differences in durability, performance, and cost. In this perspective, we review these gaps between fundamental lab research and practical device requirements and propose solutions to bridge them. We cover degradation mechanisms and durability evaluations in lab-scale aqueous model systems (AMSs) and PEMWEs. The need for performance benchmarking for anode screening and assessment is addressed, emphasizing reliable test protocols in AMSs and PEMWEs. Additionally, we discuss the importance of cost reduction in anodic catalyst design for future PEMWEs systems. Finally, we highlight major challenges and propose outlooks for anode design in fab-oriented applications to achieve the ultimate green hydrogen goal of "1 kg H-2 produced by 1 USD in 1 decade" ("111" goal).