Therapeutic potential of ketamine in management of epilepsy: Clinical implications and mechanistic insights

Epilepsy, a widespread neurological disorder, affects approximately 50 million people worldwide. This disorder is typified by recurring seizures due to abnormal neuron communication in the brain. The seizures can lead to severe ischemia and hypoxia, potentially threatening patients' lives. However, with proper diagnosis and treatment, up to 70 % of patients can live without seizures. The causes of epilepsy are complex and multifactorial, encompassing genetic abnormalities, structural brain anomalies, ion channel dysfunctions, neurotransmitter imbalances, neuroinflammation, and immune system involvement. These factors collectively disrupt the crucial balance between excitation and inhibition within the brain, leading to epileptic seizures. The management of treatment-resistant epilepsy remains a considerable challenge, necessitating innovative therapeutic approaches. Among emerging potential treatments, ketamine-a drug traditionally employed for anesthesia and depression-has demonstrated efficacy in reducing seizures. It is noteworthy that, independent of its anti-epileptic effects, ketamine has been found to improve the balance between excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) activities in the brain. The balance is crucial for maintaining normal neural function, and its disruption is widely considered a key driver of epileptic seizures. By acting on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and other potential mechanisms, ketamine may regulate neuronal excitability, reduce excessive synchronized neural activity, and counteract epileptic seizures. This positive impact on E/I balance reinforces the potential of ketamine as a promising drug for treating epilepsy, especially in patients who are insensitive to traditional anti-epileptic drugs. This review aims to consolidate the current understanding of ketamine's therapeutic role in epilepsy. It will focus its impact on neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity, its neuroprotective qualities, and elucidate the drug's potential mechanisms of action in treating epilepsy. By scrutinizing ketamine's impact and mechanisms in various types of epilepsy, we aspire to contribute to a more comprehensive and holistic approach to epilepsy management.