Challenges in blood pressure measurement in children with obesity: focus on the cuff

Childhood obesity is a well-known risk factor for primary hypertension (HTN), especially during puberty. Validated automated oscillometric devices based on universal protocols using proper cuffs according to arm sizes must be selected for blood pressure (BP) measurement in clinical practice. Recent recommendations have addressed the importance of accurate BP measurement in patients with obesity. The American Heart Association (AHA) suggests using a cone-shaped cuff, while the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) emphasizes the significance of cuff characteristics based on arm size. The applicability of cone-shaped cuffs over cylindrical cuffs has been studied in adults with obesity. Most studies focused on the upper arm's shape and provided evidence that the use of cylindrical cuffs may overestimate BP in individuals with obesity, while the conical cuff was proposed as a proper alternative. However, current validation studies for BP measurement devices have not included the arm's size as a recruiting criterion, which may compromise the accuracy of devices in individuals with obesity. This review discusses the role of arm characteristics in cuff selection and the potential role of conical cuffs as an alternative to commonly used cylindrical ones in BP measurement in pediatric patients with obesity.Graphical abstractA higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information