3D Printed Concrete for Sustainable Construction: A Review of Mechanical Properties and Environmental Impact

Implementation of 3D concrete printing technology has transformed the construction sector by providing enhanced design freedom, accelerated building timelines, and decreased material waste. This systematic study offers an in-depth review of current progress in 3D printed concrete, emphasizing materials, technological innovations, and environmental and economic factors. The research investigates several 3D printing methodologies, including extrusion-based and powder-based processes, and analyses the impact of materials such as fibre-reinforced, geopolymers, and high-strength concrete on the mechanical characteristics and workability of printed structures. Critical technological issues, such as layer adhesion, rheological properties, and printability, are examined to ascertain existing constraints and prospective research avenues. The analysis underscores case examples that demonstrate the actual uses of 3DCP, including buildings, bridges, and ornamental features, highlighting the technology's capacity to decrease building expenses and environmental effects. The future potential of 3D concrete printing in large-scale building projects is discussed along with suggestions for the advancement of materials and printing methodologies to enhance performance and sustainability.