Unravelling the complexities of carnivals: potentials and challenges for social change in Mexico

PurposeThis research aimed to explore the complexity of the carnival as a space that both challenges and reinforces social hierarchies, as well as a potential catalyst for social transformation for marginalised groups.Design/methodology/approachParticipant observations were carried out at various carnival sites, with a particular emphasis on the "Carnaval de Ixtapan" in Central Mexico in 2024. These observations were supported by photographs and videos.FindingsThe carnival's transgressive nature has led to progress in inclusivity, notably by featuring women and LGBTQ + individuals in prominent roles, thereby shifting gender and heteronormative dynamics. However, it remains predominantly male-dominated, hindering change and reinforcing existing power dynamics. While cross-dressing challenges societal norms, it can also inadvertently reinforce male supremacy, and LGBTQ + individuals often encounter resistance to their participation. Despite these challenges, the carnival's temporary, spatial, and purposeful nature provides a platform for social change, offering visibility to marginalised groups and facilitating dialogue on diversity and inclusion.Originality/valueThis study provides rich insight into the ways in which carnival can be a mechanism for both reinforcing and challenging social norms in Latin America.