SYNPRED: prediction of drug combination effects in cancer using different synergy metrics and ensemble learning

Background:In cancer research, high-throughput screening technologies produce large amounts of multiomics data from differentpopulations and cell types. However, analysis of such data encounters difficulties due to disease heterogeneity, further exacerbated byhuman biological complexity and genomic variability. The specific profile of cancer as a disease (or, more realistically, a set of diseases)urges the development of approaches that maximize the effect while minimizing the dosage of drugs. Now is the time to redefine theapproach to drug discovery, bringing an artificial intelligence (AI)-powered informational view that integrates the relevant scientificfields and explores new territories. Results:Here, we show SYNPRED, an interdisciplinary approach that leverages specifically designed ensembles of AI algorithms, aswell as links omics and biophysical traits to predict anticancer drug synergy. It uses 5 reference models (Bliss, Highest Single Agent,Loewe, Zero Interaction Potency, and Combination Sensitivity Score), which, coupled with AI algorithms, allowed us to attain the oneswith the best predictive performance and pinpoint the most appropriate reference model for synergy prediction, often overlooked insimilar studies. By using an independent test set, SYNPRED exhibits state-of-the-art performance metrics either in the classification(accuracy, 0.85; precision, 0.91; recall, 0.90; area under the receiver operating characteristic, 0.80; and F1-score, 0.91) or in the regressionmodels, mainly when using the Combination Sensitivity Score synergy reference model (root mean square error, 11.07; mean squarederror, 122.61; Pearson, 0.86; mean absolute error, 7.43; Spearman, 0.87). Moreover, data interpretability was achieved by deploying themost current and robust feature importance approaches. A simple web-based application was constructed, allowing easy access bynonexpert researchers. Conclusions:The performance of SYNPRED rivals that of the existing methods that tackle the same problem, yielding unbiased resultstrained with one of the most comprehensive datasets available (NCI ALMANAC). The leveraging of different reference models alloweddeeper insights into which of them can be more appropriately used for synergy prediction. The Combination Sensitivity Score clearlystood out with improved performance among the full scope of surveyed approaches and synergy reference models. Furthermore,SYNPRED takes a particular focus on data interpretability, which has been in the spotlight lately when using the most advanced AItechniques.