Impact of Hypoxia and the Levels of Transcription Factor HIF-1α and JMJD1A on Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines

Background/Aim: This study aimed to assess the impact of hypoxia on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), focusing on the involvement of transcription factors hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1 alpha) and Jumonji Domain-Containing Protein 1A (JMJD1A). Materials and Methods: FaDu and Cal33 cell lines were subjected to hypoxic and normoxic conditions. Cell proliferation was quantified electronically, while PCR and western blot analyses were used to measure mRNA and protein levels of HIF-1 alpha, JMJD1A, and EMT markers. EMT was further characterized through immunofluorescence, migration, and invasion assays. Results: Hypoxic conditions significantly reduced cell proliferation after 48 hours in both cell lines. HIF1 alpha mRNA levels increased initially during short-term hypoxia but declined thereafter, while JMJD1A mRNA levels showed a sustained increase with prolonged hypoxia. Western blot analysis revealed contrasting trends in protein levels. EMT marker expression varied markedly over time at both the mRNA and protein levels, suggesting EMT induction in hypoxia within 24 hours. Immunofluorescence, migration, and invasion assays supported these findings. Conclusion: The study provides evidence of hypoxia-induced EMT in HNSCC, although conflicting results suggest a complex interplay among molecular regulators involved in this process.