Augmenting Reality in Spinal Surgery: A Narrative Review of Augmented Reality Applications in Pedicle Screw Instrumentation

Background and Objectives: The advent of augmented reality (AR) in spinal surgery represents a key technological evolution, enhancing precision and safety in procedures such as pedicle screw instrumentation. This review assesses the current applications, benefits, and challenges of AR technology in spinal surgery, focusing on its effects on surgical accuracy and patient outcomes. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature published between January 2023 and December 2024 was conducted, focusing on AR and navigational technologies in spinal surgery. Key outcomes such as accuracy, efficiency, and complications were emphasized. Results: Thirteen studies were included, highlighting substantial improvements in surgical accuracy, efficiency, and safety with AR and navigational systems. AR technology was found to significantly reduce the learning curve for spinal surgeons, improve procedural efficiency, and potentially reduce surgical complications. The challenges identified include high system costs, the complexity of training requirements, the integration with existing workflows, and limited clinical evidence. Conclusions: AR technology holds promise for advancements in spinal surgery, particularly in improving the accuracy and safety of pedicle screw instrumentation. Despite existing challenges such as cost, training needs, and regulatory hurdles, AR has the potential to transform spinal surgical practices. Ongoing research, technological refinements, and the development of implementation strategies are essential to fully leverage AR's capabilities in enhancing patient care.