Thyroid surgery in pediatric age: a ten-year experience at a single center and literature review

Objectives Surgery interventions for thyroid disorders are rare in pediatric population. This study aims to present our institution's 10-year experience regarding the surgical treatment and outcomes of thyroid pathologies in children and review the literature.Methods All pediatric patients who underwent thyroid surgery at our institution from April 2013 to October 2023 were retrospectively reviewed.Results The study included 57 patients with a median age of 15 years. 38 patients (66.6 %) were female, and 19 patients (33.3 %) were male. The most common indication for thyroid surgery was a nodule (71.9 %), followed by Graves' disease (10.5 %), multinodular goiter (8.7 %), and familial multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome (8.7 %). Of the 57 patients, 36 (63.2 %) were diagnosed with thyroid neoplasia, with 28 (77.8 %) having papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), three (8.3 %) having medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), two (5.6 %) having follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC). Temporary unilateral vocal cord paralysis and permanent unilateral vocal cord paralysis were seen in three patients (5.3 %) and in two patients (3.5 %) respectively. Persistent hypocalcemia and permanent hypoparathyroidism were noted in two patients (3.5 %), while transient hypocalcemia was observed in 13 patients (22.8 %). The presence of neoplasm did not appear to be associated with the incidence of hypocalcemia or vocal cord paralysis (p=0.115 and 0.652, respectively).Conclusions Thyroid pathologies in pediatric patients necessitate a multidisciplinary approach. Surgical management should be carefully evaluated in accordance with pediatric guidelines. Complication rate significantly decreases when surgery is performed by experienced surgeon.