Natural products from camels; glycoproteins, enzymes, and immunoglobulins with potential as nano biomolecules for anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-bacterial activities

Natural products such as camel milk, a nutritional powerhouse with a high content of proteins, vitamins, lipids, amino acids, oligosaccharides, nucleotides and minerals, offer numerous health benefits. Both camel milk and urine are known for their remarkable properties, including antiviral, anticancer, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antifungal and antibacterial effects. In particular, lactoferrin, a globular glycoprotein found in camel's milk, has strong antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Camel milk also contains immunoglobulins and lysozyme, which contribute to its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. These camel secretions have shown promising potential in cancer therapy, with applications in the treatment of breast, hepatocellular and lung cancer. Particularly intriguing is the fact that camel urine has quickly taken center stage in the development of new drugs for various diseases. This review comprehensively examines the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of camel milk and urine. It also delves into the fascinating world of nano biomolecules in the physiological fluids of camels, demonstrating their ability to penetrate tissue and exhibit exceptional stability under extreme conditions. The fusion of nano technology and compositional characteristics of camel milk and urine holds great promise for the development of novel medical substances specifically tailored for cancer treatment.