Insights and trends review: Use of extended reality (xR) in hand surgery

Digital transformation through extended reality (xR)-comprising virtual, augmented, mixed, and substitutional reality-has become an integral part of the future of clinical and surgical practice. xR technologies facilitate advanced surgical planning, training, therapies and education, reshaping both personal and institutional healthcare. This paper examines the potential changes that xR has introduced into the field of hand surgery, exploring how xR enhances patient-centric care, increases medical service efficiency and revolutionizes surgical training, planning and therapeutic interventions. Key areas such as surgical assistance, telemedicine, therapies and rehabilitation, medical training and education, and improving patient understanding are highlighted. By synthesizing the current literature, this narrative review articulates the theoretical and practical implications of xR, offering insights into its transformative potential and supporting continuous educational advancement in medical practice.