Simulation-Based Models for Postearthquake Response: A Survey and Research Directions

Computer simulation is increasingly being used by emergency planners as a tool to improve disaster response given that it can model real-world scenarios, such as earthquakes. Although there has been an increase in simulation research focused on disaster response, much of this literature is from disparate fields and across disaster scenarios. To bridge this gap, this paper surveys simulation-based models for postearthquake response from the year 2000 onward. Advantages of simulation over closed-form statistical models are discussed. Three main subproblems in postearthquake response models are explored: (1) service distribution (e.g., food, water), (2) infrastructure restoration (at the building and transportation system level), and (3) emergency healthcare provision (i.e., casualty treatment). Additionally, the underlying simulation-optimization model in its canonical form and numerical results from case studies are presented to illustrate the nature and size of the problems encountered in the real world. Thereafter, gaps in the literature are identified keeping in mind the objectives of FEMA's recent strategic plan, which focuses largely on equity and resilience. This paper revealed key misalignments between policy priorities and existing literature-specifically, that there is a gap in equity-based simulation modeling.