LoRa-Based Ground Sensor Terminal for L-Band Satellite IoT Applications

This study addresses the increasing demand for Internet of Things (IoT) solutions in remote areas by developing a LoRa-based Ground Sensor Terminal (GST) designed for L-Band Satellite IoT Applications. The GST was evaluated through indoor, outdoor, and maximum range performance tests, achieving a maximum transmission distance of 450 m under current conditions using a 2 dBi antenna. The Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) ranged from-46 dBm to-104 dBm, and the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) varied between-20.25 dB and 4 dB, depending on the testing environment and distance. These results demonstrate the impact of environmental factors on transmission quality. The study further verified the successful integration of the GST with L-Band satellites, achieving real-time data transmission with an optimized communication window between Acquisition of Signal (AOS) and Loss of Signal (LOS). By upgrading to a 5 dBi antenna, the system's range and reliability could be significantly enhanced. This research contributes to the advancement of IoT technologies for applications in remote monitoring, environmental management, and other critical areas, highlighting the GST's potential to provide reliable and scalable IoT solutions.