The Role of Phytohormones in Alleviating Salt Stress in Rice

Rice is a crucial food crop globally. Soil salt stress has adverse effects on the physiology and biochemistry of rice, leading to ionic toxicity and disrupted metabolism. Research aimed at improving salt tolerance and understanding its underlying mechanisms in rice is becoming increasingly important. Phytohormones are crucial in managing rice's reaction to salt stress by controlling its physiological and biochemical functions. Some phytohormones can improve salt tolerance in rice by affecting gene programming, protein expression, and salt stress signaling, thereby helping rice adapt to salt-stressed environments. This review highlights recent advancements in understanding berellins (GAs), melatonin (MT), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ETHY) and brassinosteroids (BRs)-help mitigate the detrimental effects of salt stress in rice. Additionally, we explore the current challenges and future research directions for utilizing exogenous phytohormone regulators to boost rice's resistance to salt stress.