Progress of tungsten-based materials in modification strategies of advanced lithium-sulfur batteries

Main issues, such as slow reaction kinetics and diffusion of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs), pose serious threats to the next generation of high-energy lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. In recent years, tungsten-based catalysts have been used to solve these problems. Tungsten's unique electronic structure makes it excellent in LiPS electrocatalytic applications. In particular, tungsten-oxy catalysts of the post-periodic table show stronger chemical and electronic structure regulation ability in electrocatalysis due to the wider valence state regulation interval (0-6). Based on this, tungsten-based nanomaterials can effectively achieve rapid conversion of LiPSs and inhibit the shuttle effect. Herein, the latest progress in tungsten-based catalysts for Li-S batteries was reviewed from the aspects of design idea, engineering strategy, and electrochemical performance. The catalytic mechanisms were discussed from the perspectives of atoms, energy bands, and hybrid orbitals. Finally, the challenges and future of this research field were prospected in detail.