Advancements in biliopancreatic endoscopy - A comprehensive review of artificial intelligence in EUS and ERCP

The development and implementation of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly deep learning (DL) models, has generated significant interest across various fields of gastroenterology. While research in luminal endoscopy has seen rapid translation into clinical practice with approved AI devices, its potential extends far beyond, offering promising benefits for biliopancreatic endoscopy, including optical characterization of strictures during cholangioscopy and detection and classification of pancreatic lesions during diagnostic endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). This narrative review provides an update on the latest literature and available studies in this field, serving as a comprehensive guide to the current landscape of AI in biliopancreatic endoscopy, emphasizing technological advancements, main applications, ethical considerations, and future directions for research and clinical implementation.