Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence for elemental analysis of foods

Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) is a front-end analytical tool used to determine the elemental composition of food. This method capitalizes on the characteristics of X-rays emitted by the elements in a sample when excited by the high-energy X-ray source, enabling quantitative and qualitative analysis across a wide range of matrices. It is renowned for effectively analyzing a diverse array of natural samples (solid, liquid, powder, bacterial matrix). This review discusses the instrumental aspects, advancements, and application of ED-XRF in the food industry, emphasizing works from the past 15 years. This article also discusses recent advancements that enhance the sensitivity of handheld devices and improved detectors, which have increased their sensitivity and accuracy for detecting hazardous elements such as lead, cadmium, and arsenic. On the application front, ED-XRF is widely used in authentication, food safety, and quality control. Accordingly, the article provides detailed information on this aspect and covers segment-wise applications and advancements. The article concludes with challenges and directions for future work, including integrating automation and real-time monitoring, which will enhance its utility in the evolving landscape of the global food industry.