Zirconium-based MXenes: Synthesis, properties, applications, and prospects

Zirconium (Zr) based MXenes are a new type of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and carbonitrides that have attracted significant research interest in recent years. These materials exhibit a unique combination of physicochemical properties, making them attractive for a wide range of applications. Despite this growing attention, a systematic review of their synthesis methods, material properties, and applications is still lacking. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the state of research on Zr-MXenes, covering various aspects from synthesis to applications. The discussion includes an in-depth analysis of the different wet-chemical etching protocols used to obtain Zr-MXenes from Zr-containing MAX phases and the impact of these methods on the morphology of materials. Detailed characterization techniques have revealed important properties of Zr-MXenes, such as hydrophilicity, electrical conductivity, and ion storage capability. Further, this review examines the potential applications of Zr-MXenes in various fields, including energy storage, electromagnetic interference shielding, corrosion prevention, and biomedical applications. While, Zr-MXenes offer promising prospects, challenges related to large-scale production and property optimization must be addressed to facilitate their widespread adoption. By providing a comprehensive overview of Zr-MXene synthesis, properties, and applications, this review aims to inspire and guide future research and development efforts toward the rational design and utilization of these promising 2D nanomaterials.