Insect responses to heatwaves and their influence on Integrated Pest Management

The frequency and intensity of heatwaves have risen due to climate change. These phenomena harm many species, especially ectotherms such as insects vulnerable to fluctuations in temperature. Heat stress exposure can contribute to increased mortality, leading to the disappearance of local species and adaptative evolution. This paper provides an extensive review of the variety of adaptations of insects to heat stress. Heat stress response and regulation in insects and their immune system, cuticle, endocrine system, and gut microbiota are described. In the last part, fundamental elements related to the influence of heatwaves on IPM are also examined. Heat can thus reduce pest regulation by decreasing the functions of biocontrol factors such as predators and parasites during heatwaves. However, extreme heat reduces the need for insecticide application against pests such as stored grain pests and reduces insecticide efficiency. This study highlights insects' remarkable heatwave resistance and complex relationship with integrated pest management. Future research avenues are emphasized to understand better the mechanisms insects use to adapt and survive during heatwaves. This information will be vital in designing efficient pest management techniques in a changing climate.