Impact of vibrations on lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles: sources, degradation mechanisms, and testing standards

Electric vehicles (EVs) have a range of components that produce noise vibration harshness (NVH) at different frequencies compared to vehicles with an internal combustion engine. The propagation of random vibration frequencies from the mentioned sources to EV batteries can cause fatigue damage. Therefore, knowledge of the EV battery performance under extreme vibration conditions is important for evaluating the life and sustainability of battery packaging. In this review, we attempt to explain all possible sources of vibrations in EVs, the vibration-based degradation mechanism of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), and international standards for the vibration testing of batteries. Three important vibration standards have been explained in this study: UN 38.3, IEC 62660-2, and SAE J2380, to compare the degradation of three forms of LIBs (pouch, prismatic, and cylindrical). This review investigated the impact of vibrations on EV batteries by drawing connections between vibration and battery performance, highlighting EV NVH sources, and discussing vibration standards for battery testing. In addition, the effect of vibration on the process of deterioration and the safety concerns of LIB cells are discussed. Finally, this study points out the research gaps that need to be addressed to improve the future performance of EV batteries.