A review of carbon-based hybrid materials for supercapacitors

due to their high cycling stability, power density, andfast charge and discharge rates. Researchers are ex-ploring electrode materials, electrolytes, and separat-ors for cost-effective energy storage systems. Ad-vances in materials science have led to the develop-ment of hybrid nanomaterials, such as combining fil-amentous carbon forms with inorganic nanoparticles,to create new charge and energy transfer processes.Notable materials for electrochemical energy-stor-age applications include MXenes, 2D transition met-al carbides, and nitrides, carbon black, carbon aerogels, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, conducting polymers, carbonfibers, and nanofibers, and graphene, because of their thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties. Carbon materials mixedwith conducting polymers, ceramics, metal oxides, transition metal oxides, metal hydroxides, transition metal sulfides, trans-ition metal dichalcogenide, metal sulfides, carbides, nitrides, and biomass materials have received widespread attention due totheir remarkable performance, eco-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and renewability. This article explores the development ofcarbon-based hybrid materials for future supercapacitors, including electric double-layer capacitors, pseudocapacitors, and hy-brid supercapacitors. It investigates the difficulties that influence structural design, manufacturing (electrospinning, hydro-thermal/solvothermal, template-assisted synthesis, electrodeposition, electrospray, 3D printing) techniques and the latest car-bon-based hybrid materials research offer practical solutions for producing high-performance, next-generation supercapacitors