Cardiac hypertrophy in polycythemia vera: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND The combination of polycythemia vera (PV) with pathological cardiac hypertrophy is uncommon. In this study, we describe a case of PV accompanied by pathological cardiac hypertrophy. It is hypothesized that the pronounced cardiac hypertrophy in this patient has a strong connection with PV. CASE SUMMARY In 2021, a 34-year-old Chinese man experienced chest constriction, shortness of breath, and palpitations during vigorous activity. Each episode lasted several minutes and resolved spontaneously following cessation of vigorous activity. He occasionally experienced syncope and vertigo without a headache. He underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and was diagnosed with "hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)". He was discharged after receiving symptomatic treatment, which resulted in an improvement. He presented to our department with chest constriction, shortness of breath, and respiratory distress for one month while climbing to the second floor in 2023. His blood pressure was 180/100 mmHg at the time of admittance, and he was receiving antihypertensive treatment. He had a history of PV for 2 years without treatment. Symptomatic treatment was implemented concurrently with the administration of hydroxyurea upon admission. Good blood pressure control was observed during the long-term follow-up, and echocardiography did not reveal any progression of myocardial hypertrophy. CONCLUSION Clinicians managing PV patients should remain highly vigilant regarding the risks of thrombosis and cardiovascular complications, particularly in those with refractory hypertension.