Vitisin a and B: Natural sources, chemistry, metabolism, pharmacological properties, and health benefits - A comprehensive review

The oligomers vitisin A (R2-viniferin) and vitisin B (R-viniferin) are generated from trans-3,5,4 '-trihydrox-ystilbene or resveratrol. These compounds are frequently detected in significant concentrations as secondary metabolites in various regions of numerous grape (Vitis spp.) species, including Vitis vinifera, Vitis amurensis, and Vitis thunbergia. Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated their beneficial pharmacological and biological properties, notably their anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-biofilm, antifungal, antiviral, antidiabetic, cholesterol-lowering, and antiosteoporotic properties. Additionally, neuroprotective and cardiovascular protective effects have been also documented. The molecular pathways underlying these beneficial activities include inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) signaling pathways. In addition, they induce decreased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38, as well as reduced levels of anti-apoptotic proteins [B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and extra-large B-cell lymphoma (Bcl-xL)], which are associated with cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) as well as other molecular processes. The therapeutic value of vitisins A and B in drug engineering and nutraceuticals is being increasingly investigated due to their extensive bioactive characteristics. These tetramers have shown encouraging evidence in preclinical models, especially in the modulation of inflammatory and metabolic processes linked to chronic disorders. Despite their promising pharmacological outcomes, considerable gaps remain in our current scientific knowledge regarding their precise molecular targets, metabolism, optimal dosing, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and toxicological assessments. Addressing these challenges through comprehensive preclinical, clinical, and in vivo research will be fundamental to preventing future health crises linked to infectious and chronic ailments and, ultimately, integrating these compounds into pharmaceutical applications.