A Comprehensive Review of Energy Management Strategies in Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Comparative Analysis and Challenges

As air pollution, greenhouse gases, and global warming worsen, finding clean energy sources is critical. Renewable energy is a promising solution, especially in the transportation sector, which consumes significant energy. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), combining an internal combustion engine and an electric battery, are key to reducing fossil fuel use and mitigating environmental harm. Effectively managing power distribution between these sources to enhance efficiency and minimize fuel consumption is crucial, known as an Energy Management Strategy (EMS). This article provides an overview of various EMS approaches for HEVs, analyzing their advantages and disadvantages. Rule-based strategies offer simplicity, optimization-based strategies provide superior performance, and advanced techniques like machine learning promise significant improvements. Current trends include integrating sophisticated sensors, data analytics, and artificial intelligence for real-time decision-making. Future directions aim at robust EMS frameworks integrating smart grid technologies and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication. The article reviews EMS methodologies, comparing their strengths and weaknesses, and discusses the main challenges and future trends in energy management for hybrid electric vehicles.