Analysis of the Transcriptome Provides Insights into the Photosynthate of Maize Response to Salt Stress by 5-Aminolevulinic Acid

Salt stress is a significant environmental factor that impedes maize growth and yield. Exogenous 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) has been shown to mitigate the detrimental effects of various environmental stresses on plants. However, its regulatory role in the photosynthesis mechanisms of maize seedlings under salt stress remains poorly understood. Transcriptome sequencing and physiological index measurements were conducted on the leaves of the "Zhengdan 958" cultivar subjected to three different treatments. Differential expression analysis revealed 4634 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including key transcription factor (TF) families such as NAC, MYB, WRKY, and MYB-related, across two comparisons (SS_vs_CK and ALA_SS_vs_SS). Significant enrichment was observed in the metabolic pathways related to porphyrin metabolism, photosynthesis-antenna proteins, photosynthesis, and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms. ALA treatment modulated the expression of photosynthesis-related genes, increased photosynthetic pigment content, and enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), thereby mitigating the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, ALA increased starch content under salt stress. These findings establish a foundational understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which ALA regulates photosynthesis under salt stress in maize seedlings. Collectively, exogenous ALA enhances maize's salt tolerance by regulating photosynthesis-related pathways.