Epidemiological Trends in Pulmonary and Extra pulmonary Tuberculosis: A 5 year Retrospective Analysis of Acid Fast Bacilli

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health issue globally, presenting in pulmonary tuberculosis(PTB) and extra PTB(EPTB) forms. Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) testing is crucial for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Understanding TB epidemiology, including positivity rates, demographic patterns, and comorbidities, is essential for effective control. This study analyses AFB testing trends for TB over 5 years, focusing on PTB and EPTB cases, gender and age distribution, and associated comorbidities to inform public health and clinical practices. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed AFB, Mantoux, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing data from 2019 to 2023. Trends in positivity rates, PTB/EPTB ratios, demographics, and comorbidities were assessed, with statistical analyses and comparisons to prior studies to contextualize findings. Results: AFB testing volume rose from 2440 samples in 2019-2518 in 2023. PTB positivity declined from 3.7% to 2.5%, whereas EPTB cases peaked in 2020. Males predominated PTB cases, peaking at 84.62% in 2020. PTB to EPTB ratios were 12.82:1 (AFB) and 3.47:1 (PCR). Mantoux positivity rose significantly from 2019 to 2022 (chi(2) =18.64, P < 0.001), with higher rates in males and older adults. An increase in rifampicin-resistant TB was noted in 2022-2023. Common TB comorbidities included diabetes, hypertension, and chronic lung disease, complicating treatment. Conclusion: This study highlights dynamic TB trends, stressing the need for age- and gender-specific control strategies. Rising EPTB cases, drug resistance, and comorbidities underscore the importance of targeted interventions, preventive measures, and socioeconomic research to optimize TB management.