Social Determinants of Pediatric Primary Care Telehealth and In-Office Visits During the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Pandemic

OBJECTIVE: To describe the use of primary care telehealth following the rapid reduction of in-person pediatric primary care availability during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic and how this varied by community-level social determinants and individual-level social needs. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of children 0 to 17 years across 16 sites within Nationwide Children's Hospital Primary Care Network from March 22 to July 31, 2020, and a preceding comparator period (2019). The study population includes 107,629 patient encounters. We compared visit type (in-person vs telehealth), demographics, presence of individual social needs, and community social determinants using the Child Opportunity Index 2.0 (COI). To assess telehealth utilization, we compared the ratio of 2019 to 2020 primary care visits across levels of COI. We trained a linear regression model predicting the number of telehealth encounters in 2020 using individual patient characteristics and COI. RESULTS: Patients in census tracts with high and very high levels of opportunity maintained the highest relative encounter volume (2020:2019) at the beginning of the pandemic (0.78 and 0.73, respectively, compared to 65% for children living in very low opportunity neighborhoods; P < 0.001). Patients with caregiver-reported social needs (housing, transportation, utilities, food) had relatively greater telehealth use following the start of the public health emergency. CONCLUSIONS: Volume of primary care visits decreased least for high and very high-opportunity neighborhoods yet individual social needs were associated with higher relative use of telemedicine. Findings suggest that telehealth was an important modality to deliver care to children with social needs but does not overcome community-level barriers.