Metasurface-based circularly polarised antenna: Enhanced bandwidth with characteristic mode analysis and symmetric branch design

A low-profile circularly polarised (CP) metasurface antenna is proposed, utilising characteristic mode analysis (CMA). The antenna design features a two-layer laminated substrate, a 4x4 Butterfly-shaped metasurface, a rectangular slot, an irregular transmission line, and a ground plane. The metasurface is analysed using mode significance (MS), characteristic angle (CA), and characteristic current to determine the resonance bandwidth and CA resonance points, which exhibit a near 90 degrees difference. At the intersection of the two MS modes, their CAs differ by nearly 90 degrees, and their far-field radiation directions align, indicating the potential for achieving circular polarisation at the desired frequency. The integration of the metasurface with the slot antenna is simulated to validate the CMA findings. Additionally, the CP bandwidth is enhanced by modifying the transmission line branches. Measurement of the fabricated antenna reveals an impedance bandwidth (IBW) of 27.4%, a 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) of 10.1%, and a peak gain of 6.9 dBic at 4.4 GHz. Compared to the design without branches, IBW and ARBW have increased by 10% and 7.3%, respectively. A low-profile metasurface circularly polarised (CP) antenna using characteristic mode analysis (CMA) is proposed, which is composed of a two-layer laminated substrate, 4x4 Butterfly-shaped metasurface, rectangular slot, irregular transmission line, and ground. image